🇮🇩 Javanese #30 Most Spoken Language (69M speakers)

Javanese — Registers (Ngoko/Krama), Pronunciation, Grammar, and Handy Phrases

Austronesian • Latin & Javanese script (Aksara Jawa) • SVO • Register-rich

Number of Speakers (est.)

~80–90M native speakers across Central/East Java, Yogyakarta, and diaspora

IndonesiaJava IslandUrban & rural

Family / Branch

Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian. Close to Indonesian/Malay but not mutually identical.

AffixationReduplicationParticles

Writing System

Latin alphabet (everyday); Aksara Jawa (ꦲꦏ꧀ꦱꦫꦗꦮ • Hanacaraka) and Pegon (Arabic) in heritage use.

é vs e (pepet)ny=[ɲ], ng=[ŋ]dh/th digraphs

Typical Word Order

SVO with topic fronting; adjectives follow nouns; no grammatical gender/case.

Aspect words: wis, durung, arep, lagiNegation: ora, dudu

Ngoko (casual), Madya (mid), Krama (polite), Krama Inggil (honorific lexicon).

aku/kulakowe/panjenenganmangan/dhaharlungo/tindak

Difficulty (for English speakers)

Medium: grammar is friendly; the register system and lexicon layers are the fun challenge.

No verb conjugationAffixes + clitics

Quick Overview

Javanese is a culturally heavyweight language with a famously nuanced politeness system. Verbs don’t conjugate; time and viewpoint come from aspect words like wis “already,” durung “not yet,” arep “will,” and lagi “currently.” Word-building uses affixes (e.g., nasal N-, passive di-, causative -ake, locative/benefactive -i). A final -é often marks definiteness (“the”).

Sound & Spelling Tips

Two e’s: é (open /e/) vs. e (schwa /ə/). Many learners write -é for the definite suffix.
ny / ng: ny = [ɲ], ng = [ŋ]; both occur word-initially and finally.
dh / th: conventional digraphs for alveolar/dental contrasts in many spellings.
Prosody: Intonation and particles (e.g., lho, kok) carry attitude and surprise.

Grammar Snapshot

Pronouns: aku (I, ngoko) / kula (I, krama); kowe (you, ngoko) / panjenengan (you, polite).
Aspect: wis (already), durung (not yet), arep/bakal (future), lagi (progressive).
Negation: ora “not,” dudu “is not (copular).”
Affixes: N- (active; nasal assimilation), di- (passive), -ake (causative/applicative), -i (locative/benefactive), ke- -an (state).
Clitics: -ku my, -mu your, -é “the/his/her” (context decides).
Demonstratives: iki (this), kuwi (that), kae (yonder) — post-nominal: omahé iki.

Registers in Action

“to eat”: mangan (ngoko) → dhahar (krama). “to go”: lungo → tindak. “house”: omah → griya. Pronoun pairs: aku/kula, kowe/panjenengan.

Sample & Breakdown

Wis mangan durung? — “Already eaten yet?” (friendly)
wis already + mangan eat + durung not-yet (yes/no context).

Kula badhé dhahar sapunika. — “I will eat now.” (polite)
kula I + badhé will + dhahar eat + sapunika now.

Omahé iki gedhé. — “This house is big.”
omah-É definite + iki this + gedhé big.

Common Phrases

Halo (Hello)Piye kabarmu? (How are you?) Matur nuwun (Thank you)Nyuwun sewu (Excuse me) Monggo (Please/Go ahead)Ketemu manèh (See you)

Sugeng rawuh! (Welcome) — the polite greeting you’ll see around Yogyakarta and Solo.

SEO Highlights

Keywords: Javanese language, learn Javanese, Javanese grammar, ngoko vs krama, Javanese phrases, Aksara Jawa, Javanese pronunciation.
Search intent covered: register converter, aspect builder, definite -é + demonstratives, affix basics with N- assimilation.
Snippable facts: no verb conjugation; four core aspect words; post-nominal demonstratives; definite suffix -é.

Interesting Notes

Plural is often reduplication or context; measure words are light compared to Chinese.
Indonesian loan vocabulary is common in modern media; heritage terms thrive in krama.
Aksara Jawa is beautiful but optional for daily life; Latin is the default online.

Type a short ngoko sentence or pick words; we’ll suggest polite (krama) equivalents where known.

Lightweight mapper: covers common pairs (aku/kula, kowe/panjenengan, mangan/dhahar, lungo/tindak, saiki/sapunika…). Nuance still depends on context.

Affix Wizard (N- • di- • -ake • -i)

Type a root (Latin letters) and choose an affix. The wizard applies nasal N- assimilation and basic suffixing.

Examples: tulis → nulis, kirim → ngirim, sapu → nyapu, catet → nyatet, tulisake, tulisi. Edge cases are simplified.

Aspect Sentence Builder (wis • durung • arep • lagi)

Build a natural sentence: Subject + aspect word + verb (+ object). Toggle negation with ora.

durung already implies “not yet,” so you don’t add ora to it. dudu is for identity/equative (e.g., “not a teacher”).

Definite & Demonstrative Builder (-é • iki/kuwi/kae)

Make a quick noun phrase with possessive clitics and demonstratives.

Order: noun (+clitic) + demonstrative → omah-É iki “this the house.”

Learning Tips

Shadow both ngoko and krama versions of the same sentence.
Drill N- assimilation with 10 roots; then add -ake and -i.
Collect noun+-é + demonstrative phrases you actually use: buku-é kuwi, warung-é iki.

Numbers (1–10)

siji, loro, telu, papat, lima, enem, pitu, wolu, sanga/songo, sepuluh

Borrowings & Culture

Indonesian and Dutch loans live alongside deep Javanese vocabulary. Courtly speech and modern slang happily coexist.

🇮🇩 Javanese #30 Most Spoken Language (69M speakers)

Javanese — Registers (Ngoko/Krama), Pronunciation, Grammar, and Handy Phrases

Leave a Reply Cancel reply